Belakangan ini beredar video aksi brutal dua oknum Polisi Militer Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) Angkatan Udara (AU) yang melakukan kekerasan di Papua. Tampak dua oknum tersebut meringkus seorang pria difabel (tunawicara), satu orang diantaranya menginjak kepala pria difabel tersebut.
Potret ini seakan menjadi dejavu bagi kita. Aksi serupa pernah terjadi di Amerika Serikat, sebagaimana oknum Polisi Amerika Serikat itu menekan lututnya ke leher seorang pria kulit hitam bernama George Floyd hingga meninggal dunia. Kendati yang terjadi di Papua tidak berujung meninggal, tetapi kedua aksi itu sama saja mencederai nilai-nilai Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM).
Dewasa ini, di belahan bumi mana pun sudah menjadi rahasia umum, pria kulit hitam selalu mengalami segregasi sekaligus menjadi objek kekerasan oleh aparat. Jismulatif dalam Studi Tentang Rasialisme, dalam Film The Green Mile (2009:119) menyebutkan terdapat stereotip: “ras kulit hitam dianggap ras yang paling rendah dibanding ras kulit putih.
Stereotip ini berkonsekuensi melanggengkan segregasi antara ras kulit hitam dengan ras kulit lainnya di berbagai sektor, termasuk pada sektor penegakan hukum yang berujung diskriminasi. Dalam lingkup Indonesia, terlihat ada kesenjangan perlakuan aparat di sektor penegakan hukum terhadap ras Papua Melanesia dengan ras lainnya.
Basmi Akar Separatisme
Sejak Oktober 2019 hingga September 2020, Komisi Untuk Orang Hilang dan Korban Tindak Kekerasan (KontraS) menyebutkan ada 12 peristiwa kekerasan yang dilakukan oknum TNI di Papua dan Papua Barat dengan korban 33 orang tewas dan 24 orang luka-luka. Data ini menggambarkan betapa akutnya brutalisme TNI. Merujuk Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), brutalisme memiliki arti kurang ajar, biadab, amoral, bengis, dan dapat pula disebut sebagai tindakan tidak berperikemanusiaan.
Brutalisme tentu kontradiktif dengan sila ke-2 Pancasila, dan tidak semestinya dilakukan oleh aparat TNI. Dikarenakan dalam menjalankan tugas, aparat TNI diwajibkan menjunjung tinggi hak asasi manusia (Vide Pasal 2 huruf dUU 34/2004 tentang TNI). Selain itu, aksi brutalisme TNI berpotensi mengamputasi wilayah negara kesatuan Indonesia (disintegrasi).
Dalam buku Papua Road Maps (2009), menyebutkan salah satu akar separatisme di Papua ialah siklus kekerasan aparat yang kerap menimpa masyarakat Papua. Sebelum kasus oknum TNI menginjak kepala pria Papua difabel, pada tahun 2020 lalu juga terjadi pembunuhan terhadap Pendeta Yeremia. Hasil investigasi KOMNAS HAM menyatakan pembunuhan tersebut dilakukan oleh anggota TNI.
Setelah pembunuhan itu, secara kontan konflik di tanah Papua semakin bergejolak. Sejak awal 2020 sampai 2021 tercatat sudah ada sebanyak 46 kasus kekerasan dilakukan oleh Kelompok Kriminal Bersenjata (KKB). Di sini, terlihat ada hubungan kausalitas antara pembunuhan pendeta Yeremia, kemudian mengakibatkan meningkatnya intensitas teror oleh KKB. Dengan kata lain, brutalisme TNI merupakan salah satu akar separatisme di Papua.
Separatisme ibaratkan pohon dan brutalisme TNI ibaratkan akar. Separatisme akan tumbuh subur, kokoh, dan membuahkan disintegrasi apabila pohon separatisme tersebut tidak dibasmi hingga akar-akarnya (Stop brutalisme TNI/pelanggaran HAM).
Minimalisasi Disintegrasi
Kini Indonesia berada pada titik nadir, digerogoti pandemi, kronisasi korupsi. Dalam situasi pelik ini, merawat Persatuan sanggatlah utama, supaya situasi tidak semakin diperburuk dengan masifnya rong-rongan disintegrasi. Menurut KBBI, disintegrasi merupakan kondisi perpecahan, dan hilangnya persatuan. Dengan masifnya gerakan separatisme di Papua mengisyaratkan telah terjadi disintegrasi.
Antonim dari disintegrasi (perpecahan) ialah integrasi (persatuan). Integrasi merupakan prinsip penting dalam menentukan nasib suatu bangsa. Menoleh ke belakang, bangsa Indonesia pernah menjadi budak kolonial Belanda selama 350 tahun, dan jongos Nippon selama 3 tahun. Pun akhirnya Indonesia menuai kemerdekaan sebagai buah manis pohon persatuan.
Dalam menjemput kemerdekaan, kala itu semua elemen saling bahu membahu, tak peduli warna kulit, ras, agama, dan suku. Hal ini merupakan aktualisasi filosofi hidup Bhineka Tunggal Ika yang artinya berbeda-beda tapi tetap satu. Belajar dari sejarah gemilang ini maka perlu dipermanenkan dalam pikiran kita bahwa perbedaan merupakan anugerah yang perlu dihormati.
Senada, sila ke-3 Pancasila mengamanatkan “persatuan indonesia”. Olehnya penting bagi kita untuk memahami hakikat persatuan dan pro-aktif memupuk persatuan itu dengan cara meminimalisasi terjadinya disintegrasi (the collapse of the unity). Untuk meminimalisasi disintegrasi, mulanya perlu dilakukan diagnosis terkait mekanisme penyelesaian/mencabut akar separatisme (brutalisme TNI), demi memadamkan gejolak pemberontakan di tanah Papua.
Reformasi Formulasi
Melihat pelanggaran HAM oleh TNI yang begitu sering terjadi, juga pelakunya sudah dijatuhi sanksi. Maka, efektivitas sanksi pun dipertanyakan—apakah sanksi yang dijatuhkan terhadap oknum TNI tidak menimbulkan efek jerah? Kiranya demikian!
Dalam penegakan hukum pidana, efek jerah sanggatlah esensial untuk mencegah terpidana mengulangi perbuatannya (speciale vreventie), dan menakut-nakuti masyarakat umum agar tidak melakukan kejahatan serupa (generale preventie). Begitu pun dalam penegakan hukum pidana atas pelaku pelanggaran HAM, efek jerah perlu diutamakan demi perlindungan hak asasi khalayak ramai.
Terlebih dahulu, kiranya penting bila mengenali delik ‘Pelanggaran HAM’. Menurut Sujatmoko (2015: 31), pelanggaran HAM timbul apabila aparat negara termasuk TNI menggunakan hak privilege-nya untuk membunuh, menyiksa, dan mencederai hak asasi warga negara. Artinya, penganiayaan yang menimpa pria difabel di Papua merupakan Pelanggaran HAM vertikal yang tergolong sebagai kejahatan luar biasa (extra ordinary crime). Mengingat kejahatan luar biasa, maka pemidanaannya pun perlu dengan ‘cara luar biasa’ demi berfungsinya efek jerah.
Namun, cara luar biasa ini belum dapat diaktualisasikan dikarenakan delik penganiayaan dan pembunuhan yang dilakukan TNI belum diatur dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Militer (KUHPM). Sehingga, TNI yang melakukan kejahatan tersebut diadili menggunakan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP).
Pemberlakuan KUHP terhadap subjek hukum non sipil tentu menyimpang dari nilai keadilan kesebandingan (Justitia distributiva). Sebab, antara subjek hukum sipil dan non sipil dua hal yang berbeda. Sebagai contoh, penganiayaan yang dilakukan TNI adalah pelanggaran HAM dan tergolong sebagai extra ordinary crime, sedangkan penganiayaan yang dilakukan sipil adalah delik umum.
Melihat dua perbedaan kualifikasi delik dan subjek hukum, maka tidak sebanding bila menggunakan instrumen hukum yang sama dalam pemidanaannya. Maka, dapat dikatakan potret ini merupakan suatu anomali penegakan hukum yang disebabkan oleh adanya kekosongan hukum di lingkup pidana militer (rechtvacum).
Menanggapi uraian masalah di atas, maka perlu diberikan solusi, yaitu reformasi formulasi. KUHPM perlu diperbaharui dengan mengadopsi Pasal-Pasal KUHP, seperti delik pembunuhan, penganiayaan, dan sanksi atas delik tersebut diatur jauh lebih berat. Ketimbang yang diatur dalam KUHP guna mengoptimalkan efek jerah bagi TNI yang melanggar HAM. Juga, dengan ini dapat menurunkan arogansi aparat TNI terhadap masyarakat Papua, sekaligus mencabut salah satu akar separatisme.
Kontributor: Andi Muhammad Alief (Mahasiswa S1, Fakultas Hukum UAD Yogyakarta)
Penyunting: Febi Anggara
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