Limbah medis merupakan salah satu masalah yang dihadapi oleh penyedia layanan kesehatan. Limbah medis ada yang tidak dapat diperbaharui dan ada juga yang dapat diperbaharui, tentunya harus melalui berbagai macam pengolahan yang tepat.
Untuk mengetahui tingkat pencemaran limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun (B3) akibat bahan organik dapat dilakukan berbagai uji, salah satunya uji air kotor. Air yang tercemar limbah zat organik mengandung bakteri di dalamnya. Bakteri tersebut akan menghabiskan oksigen terlarut. Hal ini akan membuat air menjadi anaerobik dan berbau busuk, maka dapat diindikasikan bahwa air tersebut tercemar limbah medis.
Apabila dari sumber air sudah tercemar, maka lingkungan sekitar harus segera waspada karena akan mempengaruhi keseimbangan lingkungan dan makhluk hidup, tentunya manusia. Penyakit yang mudah menyerang dari limbah medis adalah kolera, tifoid, malaria, dan penyakit kulit. Selain itu, penyakit lain juga berkemungkinan menyerang, seperti HIV, Hepatitis B dan C, kerusakan paru-paru, dan sebagainya.
Berdasarkan Pasal 59 UU No 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, setiap orang yang menghasilkan limbah B3 wajib melakukan pengelolaan limbah yang dihasilkannya dan dalam hal setiap orang tidak mampu melakukan sendiri pengelolaan limbah, pengelolaannya diserahkan kepada pihak lain.
Dari data yang dihimpun oleh Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (Kemenkes RI) melalui media daringnya, perusahaan pengolah limbah B3 yang sudah mempunyai izin dari Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan baru ada enam perusahaan di seluruh Indonesia. Lima berada di Pulau Jawa dan satu di Kalimantan Timur. Jumlah tersebut tidak seimbang dengan jumlah fasilitas kesehatan di Indonesia.
Jumlah Rumah Sakit (RS) di Indonesia sebanyak 2852, untuk Puskesmas berjumlah 9909, dan sebanyak 8841 Klinik. Sedangkan timbunan limbah medis yang diperoleh dari RS dan Puskesmas adalah 296,86 ton/hari (Oktober 2018) yang mana kapasitas pengolah pada pihak ketiga baru sebesar 151,6 ton/hari.
Dihimpun dari media cetak Kompas, ada lima provinsi dengan sebaran timbunan limbah medis terbanyak tahun 2019. Jawa Timur menduduki posisi pertama dengan 39,5 ton/hari, Jawa Tengah 38,9 ton/hari, Jawa Barat 37,1 ton/hari, Sumatera Utara 23,2 ton/hari, dan DKI Jakarta 18,9 ton/hari.
Selain itu, limbah berbahaya yang dapat diproses di tempat pengolahan limbah medis baru mencapai 220 ton, artinya masih ada sekitar 70 ton sisa sampah medis yang belum diolah secara optimal.
Sementara itu, dari data E-Money yang dikeluarkan oleh Direktorat Kesehatan Lingkungan Kemenkes RI, September 2019 terkait pengelolaan limbah medis terdapat 43 persen RS yang pengelolaan limbah medisnya memenuhi standar, 83 persen RS melakukan pemilahan limbah, serta 96 persen RS memiliki dokumen lingkungan. Namun, beberapa RS memiliki insinerator atau pembakaran sampah, tetapi belum memiliki surat izin.
Menurut kriteria World Health Organization (WHO), pengelolaan limbah rumah sakit dikatakan baik ketika persentase limbah medis berada di angka 15 persen. Namun, di Indonesia angka ini mencapai 72,7 persen. Parahnya, pemeriksaan kualitas limbah hanya dilakukan oleh 57,5 persen rumah sakit. Merujuk pada Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan P.56 Tahun 2015, pengolahan limbah B3 fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan (fasyankes) melalui enam tahapan proses. Tahapan ini meliputi tahap pengurangan dan pemilahan, penyimpanan, pengangkutan, pengolahan, penguburan, dan penimbunan.
Namun, tidak semua limbah B3 yang dihasilkan fasyankes diolah sendiri. Padahal, menurut Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan KEP-58/MENLH/12/1995, setiap rumah sakit diwajibkan menyediakan sarana pengelolaan limbah cair maupun limbah padat agar seluruh limbah yang akan dibuang ke saluran umum harus memenuhi baku mutu limbah cair yang telah ditetapkan.
Hal ini yang terus harus diupayakan pemerintah untuk membuat beberapa tempat pengolahan limbah yang legal. Selain itu, mengupayakan juga untuk memberi pemahaman kepada fasilitas kesehatan maupun yang berkaitan untuk bagaimana mengolah dan memilah limbah medis yang baik dan benar agar tidak merusak lingkungan dan makhluk hidup sekitarnya.
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